Anti-cancer properties of palm oil

Epidemiological data suggest a link between fat quality (i.e. types of fatty acids consumed) and cancer. Animal experiments have shown that the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially those of the n-6 series derived from vegetable seed oils, have tumor promoting effects in mammary cancer models. Thus the fatty acids of palm oil attracted initial attention with regards to their ability to inhibit and/or delay experimental carcinogenesis. It was shown almost 15 years ago that palm oil did not promote mammary carcinogenesis in a rat model, primarily because it contained far less PUFA than corn oil.

Attention then shifted to the vitamin E content of palm oil when its was noted that palm oil stripped of its vitamin E content - promoted mammary carcinogenesis - just like other unsaturated fatty acid rich lipids. Furthermore, when the vitamin E fraction from palm oil was added back to a polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet, the "cancer" was inhibited. The vitamin E of palm oil, consists largely of tocotrienols, the remainder being a-tocopherol. (This fraction of palm oil is referred to as the tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) or Palm Vitee). TRF has been subsequently shown to inhibit the proliferation and growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro, whereas a-tocopherol was ineffective. The individual tocotrienols from the TRF were also found to inhibit the cancer cells. In a direct comparison between the individual isomers of tocopherols and tocotrienols, it was shown that the tocotrienols were more effective than the tocopherols.

Since these early studies there is now a reasonable and ever-growing body of scientific literature documenting the anti-cancer properties of the tocotrienols. Although various mechanisms have been postulated for how tocotrienols exert their effect (including their role in apoptosis) - the exact mechanism has yet to be detailed. Recent reports suggests that TRF's ability to inhibit cancer cell growth and promote apoptosis may be mediated via signaling pathways (e.g. caspase-8, p53). For a more detailed review of the anticancer properties of palm oil - please see (Sambanthamurthi et al, 2000)

References

2) Kritchevsky, D., Weber, M. M. and Klurfeld, D. M. (1992) Influence of different fats (soybean oil, palm olein or hydrogenated soybean oil) on chemically-induced mammary tumors in rats. Nutr. Res. 12: S175-A179.

3) Nesaretnam, K., Khor, H. T., Ganeson, J., Chong, Y. H., Sundram, K. and Gapor, A. (1992) The effect of vitamin E tocotrienols from palm oil on chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female rats. Nutr. Res. 12: 63-75.

4) Carroll, K. K., Guthries, N., Neseratnam, K., Gapor, A. and Chambers, A. F. (1995) Anti-cancer properties of tocotrienols from palm oil. In: Nutrition, Lipids, Health and Disease (Ong, A. S. H., Niki, E. and Packer, L., eds.), pp117-121. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.

Palm Oil as Biodiesel

Palm oil, like other vegetable oils can and is used to create biodiesel, which can be used as a replacement fuel for gasoline, diesel and LPG in internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is promoted as a form of renewable energy that greatly reduces net emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, until recently it was being touted as a way to decrease the impact of the greenhouse effect and also the possibility of peak oil. However, recent research has confirmed that the benefits of biofuels to counter global warming will be small if not unexistent.

Also, given the many problems that are inheritly linked to oil palm cultivation, research into different sources for the production of first generation biofuels has been done. The research conducted has yielded possible replacement candidats for palm oil (as jatropha), which are considered less damaging to the environment.

However, regardless of these new innovations, biodiesel production from palm oil is still globally catching on and will continue to increase. As such, several projects have been started in a number of countries around the world. A quick review:

Malaysia
The Malaysian government is refocusing the use of palm oil to the production of biodiesel to cater to the huge demand from European countries; it has encouraged the building of biodiesel plants. This is due to the higher prices of fuel and increasing demand for alternative sources of energy in the Western world.

The plants will start operating middle of next year and produce 100,000 tonnes of biodiesel annually. Strong demand for biodiesel from Europe as well as Colombia, India, South Korea and Turkey has fueled the industry's growth as more countries seek to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.

Malaysia has already begun preparations to change from diesel to bio-fuels by 2008, including drafting legislation that will make the switch mandatory. From 2007, all diesel sold in Malaysia must contain 5% palm oil. Being the world's largest producer of crude palm oil, Malaysia intends to take advantage of the rush to find cleaner fuels.

With the growing emphasis on biodiesels presenting a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels it is important to recognise that these benefits are partly negated when forest is cleared to make room for biodiesel crops such as oil palm. NGOs are now alerting the international arena to the fact that despite thousands of square kilometres of land standing unplanted in Indonesia there is still clearance of tropical hardwood forest for palm oil plantations. Furthermore, as the remaining unprotected lowland forest dwindles, developers are looking to peat swamp for conversion, which causes a draining of the peat, which not only unlocks the carbon in the surface covering of trees, but begins an oxidation process of the carbon in the peat reserve--which can be between 5,000 to 10,000 years worth of carbon locked into the ground. Drained peat is also at very high risk of forest fire, and there is a clear record of fire being used to clear vegetation for palm oil development in Indonesia.

Australia
On 23 Nov 2006 Australia's first palm oil based biodiesel plant was opened in Darwin. When fully operational in 2007 this plant should produce 140 million litres of biodiesel annually.

Health
Palm oil, despite being the most used vegetable oil for cooking (primarily because of its huge use in industrial food preparations), is one of the most unhealthy cooking oils available (after Coconut oil). Besides via the references, this information can also be derived from the table found at the cooking oil article, which gives the percentage of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Their heavy use nonetheless in the commercial food industry can thus only be explained by its comparatively low price, being one of the cheapest vegetable or cooking oils on the market. Given the unhealthyness as a cooking oil, consumers are best to avoid it and use an alternative, more healthy, cooking oil as canola oil, soy oil, ... (see also: Cooking_oil). This should be done when they eather prepare the food themselves or when they buy prepared foods. The latter however may not be simple as palm oil is described on food labels simply as "vegetable oil", instead of "palm oil".

Red palm oil, when compared to regular palm oil however, has found to be more healthy. This is a result of several mitigating substances found in the red palm oil which slightly reduce the unhealthyness of the saturated fats, also found in the reed palm oil. These compounds are:

* betacarotenes (present in higher amounts as in regular palm oil)
* tocotrienols
* co-enzyme Q10
* squalene and ubiquinone
* Vitamin A and Vitamin E .

Palm oil and the blood cholesterol controversy
For many years now, it has been established that the primary cholesterol-elevating fatty acids are the saturated fatty acids with 12 (lauric acid), 14 (myristic acid) and 16 (palmitic acid) carbon atoms with a concomitant increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. Monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid is as effective in reducing serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels as polyunsaturated fatty acids such as alpha-linoleic acid. The World Health Organization in its report states there is convincing evidence that palmitic oil consumption contributes to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Research in the US and Europe support the WHO report.

In a response to the report, the Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council cited a study in China comparing palm, soybean, peanut oils and lard (all of which contain saturated fat) showing that palm oil increased the levels of good cholesterol and reduced the levels of bad cholesterol in the blood (Dr. Koh Chu-Sing, Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council, citing Zhang, et al, 1995, 1997, 2006).

An older study by Hornstra in 1990 also supported the claims of the Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council.

A study by the Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science and Medicine, University of Alberta showed palmitic acid to have no hypercholesterolaemic effect if intake of linoleic acid was greater than 4.5% of energy, but that if the diet contained trans fatty acids, LDL cholesterol increases and HDL cholesterol decreases.

The studies supporting the Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council only addressed the issue of the effect of palm oil on blood cholesterol levels and not its total effect regarding cardiovascular diseases.